Worth Street between Centre and Lafayette Streets		(40.715381,-74.002467)
Werpoes	Broadway around Anthony (Worth) Street	(40.71629, -74.004518)
Just north of City Hall Park there was an Indian village called Werpoes that stood for hundreds of years before the white man came. On the west side of the Collect Pond was an ancient Indian village (Viking or/and French occupied as well), it may have been the legendary Norumbega. Chinatown was built on what used to be a Canarsie Indian hunting and fishing village they called Werpoes (Algonquin for hares). Except during winter, the Canarsies lived seasonally at Werpoes for hundreds of years. Lying east of Broadway up to the Bowery from the south end of City Hall Park to Canal Street, the Werpoes village overlooked the Fresh Water Pond. The natives shared the area with a rabbit village (hence the name). The Indians cleared the more level land along the Bowery to grow corn and tobacco (maybe the “three sisters”: corn, beans and squash). The land of the Werpoes became part of the Out Ward. The semi-nomadic Indians always burned their fields and moved on, rotating and refreshing the planting sites. In 1600, these Manhattan Indians had a castle or village stronghold to use as a lookout on top of Catiemuts Hill, just south of Werpoes Hill where Chatham Square stands today. When the Dutch moved into lower Manhattan in 1624, the 5,000 to 10,000 Werpoes abandoned the thousand-year-old village and planting grounds. The Bayard farm took over the old Indian planting grounds. The Werpoes saved and befriended Adrian Block and his crew from a long winter after his boat, The Tiger, caught fire off the East River by the outlet of the Old Wreck Brook (which drained the Collect Pond). The Werpoes helped Block and his crew get timbers for their huts and oak and hickory trees to build the escape boat they named Restless. The Sachem of the Canarsies, a tribe that lived seasonally in the Werpoes village by the Collect Pond, was named Meijeterma, and another local regional leader was Seyseys. The story of Manhattan’s sale by the Indians for $24 of merchandise could have happened as written at Bowling Green in 1626 with these two Indian leaders present. Bowling Green was the location of the Canarsies Council fires, so it was the perfect place to conduct a deal and smoke the peace pipe. The Sachem of the Rechewanis (from “little sand stream”), who occupied the mid-east side of NYC, was named Rechewac. The third group of American Indian “landowners,” the Weckquaesgeeks, who lived by in upper NYC’s Inwood, were seemingly cut out of the deal when the Canarsies sold Manhattan. This land fraud was corrected with a separate second purchase commemorated with a bronze plaque in Inwood Park. As late as 1670, the Weckquaesgeeks would still claim parts of Harlem no matter what deed was signed. As far as the Indians’ compensation, they valued the iron items greatly, spurring them to cast away their stone tools, knives, axes, kettles, and hoes. In return for their valuable land, they also received blankets, hats, jackets, and porcelain beads (possibly resembling the wampum currency). Rum and guns also worked their way into some of the land deals. Situated between two fresh water ponds, Norumbega's fort would have been part of the thousand-year-old Indian village of the Werpoes. Werpoes in Canarsie meant beautiful field by the thicket; other interpretations refer to Warpoes as a small hill or for its rabbit population. A hill of oyster shells marked the western shore of the Collect Pond, and the neighborhood was then called Shell Point Hill.
Wickquasgeck Trail	Lower Broadway	(40.714444, -74.006106)
Before the hills of NYC were scraped away and flattened, most of lower Broadway ran along a ridge lined by a series of hills. Broadway was an old Lenape Indian trail called Wickquasgeck Trail, which crept through heavy NYC forests on the spine of a high ridge of ground. The trail ended at the council grounds, now Bowling Green. Wickquasgeck Trail turned eastward at Ann Street and continued down Park Row. Many Indian trails were made into NYC's first roads. These 12-to-18-inch wide trails were the only paths from one Indian settlement to another. The Wickquasgecks were Delaware-speaking Mahican Indians who lived by Yonkers. Broadway (Heerestraat) followed the Wickquasgeck Trail to Bowling Green where Indians had council meetings and smoked the peace pipe.
Broadway Tabernacle	340 Broadway	(40.716426, -74.004215)
One of the main antislavery churches in NYC, Broadway Tabernacle sported one of the largest halls in NYC. Designed by Charles Finney, Broadway Tabernacle was built in 1836 at 340 Broadway between Worth and Catherine Lane on the east side of the street. Some 2,400 worshippers would listen to Presbyterian evangelist Rev. Charles Grandison Finney's revival style oratory espousing antislavery views. Pro-slavery mobs burned down the Broadway Tabernacle while it was under construction, and the church severed ties with the Presbyterians. The church became a Protestant Congregational church and was renamed the Broadway United Church of Christ. The church became a well known abolitionist and suffrage haven in NYC, and had many rallies to promote the vote for women and ban alcohol. The church’s newspaper, The Independent, was known for its antislavery stance but also published Emily Dickinson's early poems. The Broadway Tabernacle was used for various purposes, including the first test of the anesthetic purposes of nitrous oxide. The Broadway Tabernacle was sold to the Erie Railroad in 1857.
Ranelagh Gardens	Kalckhook Hill, west of Broadway by Pearl/Magazine Street (Thomas Street), between Worth and Duane Streets.	(40.715788, -74.005097)
Starting in 1765, Ranelagh Gardens was a NYC summer garden named after a famous London resort sitting on a 40-acre hill once called Kalckhook Hill. To attract British soldiers during the American Revolution, John Kenzie advertised the Ranelagh Gardens as a rival of the New York version of the Vauxhall Gardens, also named for a famous London resort. It worked; British officers used Ranelagh Gardens as their headquarters, where they entertained some of the 3,000 prostitutes sent overseas to entertain the troops. For 20 years this pleasure resort called Ranelagh Gardens was leased by John Jones, who used Colonel Rutgers’ 1730 mansion and garden near the west side of Broadway and Thomas Street (between Duane and Worth Streets). The original Vauxhill Gardens folded because of the classier, more elegant Ranelagh Gardens, which was also more accessible. These flowery resorts served afternoon tea and other refreshments, had dancing platforms, and offered vocal and instrumental band concerts and fireworks. Tickets to enter Ranelagh Gardens cost about 2 shillings each. Before the gardens, the area was a swampy wetland leased by Anthony Rutgers, who a year later got the title to the land and built his mansion in 1730. In addition to roadhouses and pleasure resorts such as Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens, this one-time aristocratic neighborhood, formerly part of Lispenard's Meadows, became overrun with taverns, also known as mead gardens. The Ranelagh Gardens closed in 1793 to become the site of the New York Hospital.
New York Hospital	Kalckhook Hill, west of Broadway by Pearl/Magazine Street (Thomas Street)	(40.715861, -74.005229)
New York Hospital, the second oldest hospital in America, opened 40 years after Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia was founded in 1751. Manhattan in 1769 had about 20,000 residents, but no hospital. The governor of the colony, Sir Henry Moore, spearheaded a fund to create a general hospital. Sir Henry got the idea after listening to Dr. Samuel Bard speak at a Kings College graduation, which included the first of medical degree recipients. Sir Henry died September 11th, 1769, and never seeing the start of the hospital project he conceived. NYC offered three-quarters of an acre near the Municipal Building for the site of the proposed hospital, but that space was too small. Trinity offered a two-acre plot by Hudson and Canal Street with a 99-year lease, but the Hospital Association planned several buildings and still needed more room than that. The Hospital Association wanted the five acres west of Broadway where Pearl/Magazine Street once ended. It was not until 1770 that the Hospital Association bought the old site of the Ranelagh Gardens. The New York Hospital was incorporated on June 13th, 1771. Construction started September 3rd, 1773, with Governor Tryon laid the cornerstone. The two-story hospital was built about 90 feet west of Broadway to leave room for other wings and a nice lawn in front. The H-shaped hospital was expanded to three stories after a few years. New buildings were then added on the north and south sides of the first small building. These buildings were using gas illumination in 1838 and steam heat by 1844. An accidental fire in 1775 destroyed most of the hospital, but it was re-built enough so the British and Hessian troops could use it as barracks during their occupation of NYC in the Revolutionary War. The New York Hospital was the scene of America’s first riot after New York's citizens found out British doctors were guilty of grave-robbing. The doctors usually violated the fresh graves of NYC's poor so the bodies of slaves and the homeless were used for study most often. The riot started April 13th, 1788, and a mob of 5,000 angry citizens kept it going through April 15th, 1788. On the first day of the doctors’ riot, the anatomy lab was destroyed and the mobs headed to the home of Sir John Temple, M.D. On the second day of the riot, the militia killed seven demonstrators and injured a dozen others while protecting medical students hiding out for their lives at the jail in City Hall Park. The New York Legislature ended up passing a law allowing dissection of the bodies of murderers, burglars and arsonists; thus, the doctors’ riot was mostly in vain. The completed New York Hospital opened on January 3rd, 1791, and in 1796, a medical library was founded there. The state legislature enacted the provision of $12,500 a year for 50 years for the hospital on March 14th, 1806. A lunatic department was organized with these funds in 1806, and the New York Hospital Lunatic Asylum opened two years later (before moving uptown in 1821) to become the Bloomingdale Asylum. A new main building was constructed between 1853 and 1855 at a cost of $140,100. The old building was used for sudden injuries from accidents and non-contagious diseases. By 1858, 500 beds were in use in the several hospital buildings that had been constructed between Broadway and Church Street from Duane to Worth Streets. During the Civil War, over 3,000 soldiers were treated at the different hospital buildings off Broadway. The New York Hospital stayed in use until it was demolished in 1870, when it was moved uptown, just west of Fifth Avenue between 15th and 16th Streets. 139 Duane Street became the third location of the New York Eye Infirmary after they leased a building from New York Hospital in 1824-1826.
Corporation Yard	Leonard Street between Centre, Elm, and Franklin Streets	(40.716143, -74.001986)
Leonard Street between Centre, Elm, and Franklin was the Corporation Yard that held Engine #8 (1824-1831), Engine #16 (1832-1841), Engine #17, Hose #1, and the Supply Engine. This was land filled in over the deepest part of the Collect Pond, and in 1838, was used to construct the City Prison (known as the Tombs). The first Tombs sunk and had to be demolished.
McCullough Shot Tower	63-65 Centre Street	(40.714801, -74.002641)
The tallest structure in NYC was the McCullough Shot Tower, once referred to as the Old Shot Tower in the Swamp. It was located at 63-65 Centre Street between Pearl and Worth Streets. This former downtown landmark was an octagonal, 8- or 11-story 217-ft. high tower that was built in 1855 in only three months by James Bogardus. Bogardus used nonstructural brick wall panels to build the McCullough Shot Tower. These panels were supported by an inner iron framework that acted like a skeleton. Molten lead was dropped through the tower sieve, and as it fell it became round and hardened when the little balls falls into the cold water below. These balls were perfect as ammunition for every weapon from rifles to cannons. After the Civil War, the Colwell Iron Works purchased the old tower. Lewis Colwell with his staff of 33 men could produce 15 tons of shot a day, and created shot until the turn of the century. After the shot business died out, Colwell Iron Works stayed in business making plumbing supplies until 1915. James Bogardus erected cast-iron buildings (including the elaborate Harper and Brothers building in Franklin Square), shot towers and fire towers (like the one that he created that still stands in Mount Morris Park in Harlem). The location of Bogardus cast iron factory was by the Collect Pond at Centre and Leonard Street. Bogardus's McCullough (1855) and Tatham Brothers (1856) were shot towers built with masonry walls around freestanding iron frame skeletons, prophetic of Manhattan’s famous skyscrapers to come.
City Magazine	West of Centre Street by Pearl Street	(40.714427, -74.002887)
The town’s gunpowder was originally kept in the fort behind Bowling Green. Before 1728, the magazine was sandwiched between the canal on Broad Street and the East River. The safest place to keep such dangerous powder was near plenty of water. After 1728, the town’s gunpowder was kept secure in the City Magazine or Powder House between the Collect Pond and the Little Collect Pond. The Negro slaves executed after the Negro Revolt of 1741 were hanged at the southeast corner of this powderhouse.
Norumbega	Pearl between Lafayette and Centre Streets	(40.714407, -74.002898)
There was a Norumbega, the mythical Viking city of silver (NYC mica?), in Maine, according to most historians who believe that the Vikings made it only as far south as New England. In 1524, Giovanni Verrazano reported the location of a province called Norumbega along the East Coast of North America. Jean Allefonsce visited the French fort of Norumbega in 1542 and spoke of a city of silver along a great river where Europeans and natives trade goods for furs. Most history books believe Norumbega was off the Penobscot River (because on Champlain’s map of 1612, the Penobscot River is called Naranberga). Norumbega was most likely off the Hudson. The French fur traders village, blockhouse, and fort of Norumbega was said to be situated between two fresh water ponds, so this pinpoints the Collect Pond as its most likely NYC location. Arthur James Weise of Troy has made a great point about the word Norumbega emerged from a corruption of Anormee Berge (Palisades), which also puts Norumbega near the Hudson River. The Viking City of Silver and French fort of Norumbega could have been using the hills around the thousand-year-old Indian Village of the Werpoes. In the Canarsie tongue, Werpoes meant small hill, and hares in the Algonquin language. Enormous piles of oyster shells were left at the western shore of the Collect Pond, so the neighborhood was called Shell Point Hill by the Dutch. A castle or fort called Catiemuts also existed in the Shell Point vicinity just south of where Chatham Square sits today. The south side of Chatham Square was once a much taller hill that had a castle-like structure on top called Indian Lookout. The Norse colony of the Vikings vanished from NYC, but the Indians seemed to remember the name for two more centuries, using it to refer to the white man. The Latin form of Norway is Norvega, and the Indians’ pronunciation became Norumbega. Some old Norse words had even become part of the Algonquin language in 1626 when Norse frontiersman Cornelius Sand negotiated the Dutch purchase of Manhattan (years before Peter Minuit). The name Norumbega first appears with Verrazano’s voyage of 1524, and for 40 years thereafter it was closely associated with the vicinity of the Hudson. On some old maps the name appears as Norumberg and Anorumberga. In 1540, French fur traders had situated a village and blockhouse on a small island on a fresh water lake, which was probably the Collect Pond. A 1569 map by Flemish geographer Gerard Kramer (Latinized name is Mercator) calls the Hudson, Riviere Grande, and has New York Bay at its foot. East of this river and at the head of New York Bay is a tiny picture of a village with a fort, and this village is labelled Norom. Allefonsce tasted salt in the water at a distance of 90 miles from the sea, so he wrote "the river of Norumbega is salt for more than 90 miles from its mouth," which is certainly true of the Hudson. Fishermen tales often called the Penobscot River Norumbega, but no traces of Allefonsce’s splendid Indian village city were ever found by the Penobscot River. What we know as the Palisades, the majestic line of cliffs along the Hudson, the French called Grand Scarp (Anormée Berge). Norumbega may be simply a Low Latin corruption of Anormée Berge. The French may have also inhabited the old fortress in the 1540s. Maugis Vumenot’s book, "The Adventurous Voyages of Captain Jean Allefonsce," about Allefonsce's summer 1542 quest of a western passage directed not northward but southward, which also demostrates that Norumbega was in NYC.
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